By Sherry Seethaler
Biologists at the University of California, San Diego and the Johns Hopkins University have discovered a gene that plays a key role in initiating changes in the brain in response to sensory experience, a finding that may provide insight into certain types of learning disorders.
After birth, learning and experience change the architecture of the
brain dramatically. The structure of individual neurons, or nerve cells,
changes during learning to accommodate new connections between neurons.
Neuroscientists believe these structural changes are initiated when
neurons are activated, causing calcium ions to flow into cells and alter the
activity of genes.
In a paper featured on the cover of the January 9th issue of the
journal Science, biologists at UCSD and the Johns Hopkins University
medical school report the discovery of the first gene, CREST, known to mediate these changes in the structure of neurons in response to calcium.
“We discovered the gene CREST using a new method we developed to
identify genes that are switched on in the presence of calcium,” says
Anirvan Ghosh, a professor of biology at UCSD who headed the study. “The
brains of mice lacking CREST appear normal at birth, but do not develop
normally in response to sensory experience after birth. This parallels
some learning disorders in humans where the child appears normal initially, but by the age of two or three years it becomes clear that there are failures
in the acquisition of new knowledge.”
Neurons from normal mice develop a highly branched tree-like
structure. In fact, much of the growth of the brain that occurs soon after
birth is the development and branching of dendrites-the part of a nerve
cell that receives input from other neurons. Thus, this branching allows
neurons to form many different synapses, or connections, with many other neurons, permitting much cross talk between them. Neurons taken from mice lacking the CREST gene are more linear, like a plant shoot.
In addition, when individual neurons kept alive in a Petri dish are
stimulated with calcium ions, they respond by developing highly branched
dendrites, but neurons taken from mice lacking CREST fail to branch in
response to calcium.
“CREST is the first example of a transcription factor-a protein that
turns genes on and off-that appears to be specifically required for the
development of brain neurons after birth,” explains Ghosh, who conducted
the study at his former laboratory at Johns Hopkins.
His new laboratory at UCSD is currently working to determine what
gene is targeted by CREST. Ghosh suspects the CREST gene might be turning on the production of chemicals called growth factors, for the stimulatory effect
they have on cell development.
The CREST protein produced by that gene is made in several regions
of the brain immediately after birth. In adults, the protein is produced in a
region of the brain known as the hippocampus, which plays an important
role in learning and memory. Because of this, Ghosh suspects that CREST may be necessary for the storage of new memories and the ability to learn. His
laboratory is currently developing mice in which CREST expression is
normal throughout most of development, so the brain develops normally, but then shuts off in the hippocampus when the mice reach adulthood. In this way, the researchers can test the specific role of CREST in learning and memory in adults.
“Humans also have CREST, and the CREST gene sequence is highly
similar between mice and humans,” says Ghosh. “If it turns out that CREST plays a role in learning and memory in the mouse, then it is very likely it also
plays a similar role in humans.”
The other researchers involved in the study are Hiroyuki Aizawa,
Shu-Ching Hu, Kathryn Bobb, Karthik Balakriashnan, Inga Gurevich and Mitra
Cowan. The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, the Klingenstein Foundation,
Merck and the Uehara Memorial Foundation.